Rossini, A.J., et al., Dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy for pharmaceutical formulations. J Am Chem Soc, 2014. 136(6): p. 2324-34.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24410528
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy at 9.4 T is demonstrated for the detailed atomic-level characterization of commercial pharmaceutical formulations. To enable DNP experiments without major modifications of the formulations, the gently ground tablets are impregnated with solutions of biradical polarizing agents. The organic liquid used for impregnation (here 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane) is chosen so that the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is minimally perturbed. DNP enhancements (epsilon) of between 40 and 90 at 105 K were obtained for the microparticulate API within four different commercial formulations of the over-the-counter antihistamine drug cetirizine dihydrochloride. The different formulations contain between 4.8 and 8.7 wt % API. DNP enables the rapid acquisition with natural isotopic abundances of one- and two-dimensional (13)C and (15)N solid-state NMR spectra of the formulations while preserving the microstructure of the API particles. Here this allowed immediate identification of the amorphous form of the API in the tablet. API-excipient interactions were observed in high-sensitivity (1)H-(15)N correlation spectra, revealing direct contacts between povidone and the API. The API domain sizes within the formulations were determined by measuring the variation of epsilon as a function of the polarization time and numerically modeling nuclear spin diffusion. Here we measure an API particle radius of 0.3 mum with a single particle model, while modeling with a Weibull distribution of particle sizes suggests most particles possess radii of around 0.07 mum.